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The ECB is today releasing the Banking Structures Report, which analyses the main structural developments in the euro area banking sector: the capacity, consolidation and concentration of banks and related changes over time. The report covers the period from 2008 to 2012 and includes indicators for the first half of 2013.
The report documents banking sector activity from a structural perspective, on the basis of aggregated euro area data. It reviews changes in balance sheets, the composition of specific assets and liabilities in the years following the onset of the financial crisis, and looks into aggregate financial performance, cost structure, funding, capital and leverage.
By the end of 2012, the report shows, banking sector assets in the euro area (on a consolidated basis, excluding very small entities) had dropped by almost 12 per cent compared with 2008, to €29.5 trillion, with the major part of the adjustment taking place in 2009, as the crisis unfolded. This was accompanied by a decrease of 10 per cent in the number of credit institutions, from 2,909 to 2,645. The share of loans in total assets fell in the majority of countries, especially in 2011 and 2012. Financial performance has remained subdued since the onset of the financial crisis.
The Banking Structures Report uses a number of different publicly available data sources, aggregated by the ECB with input from national authorities. Individual bank-level data come from banks’ published accounts or market data providers. The main statistical basis of the report has been published by the ECB since 2002 and has covered the European Union. The report will from now on focus on the euro area and will be published annually.
“This report is an important step towards understanding the changes in the euro area banking sector at an aggregate level", said Vítor Constâncio, Vice-President of the ECB. “It provides an important base for the work we are doing in preparation for becoming the euro area’s single supervisor.”
A special feature article entitled “Structural characteristics of the euro area and US banking sectors: key distinguishing features” is included in the report. It draws attention to differences in the structure, role and activities of banks on the two sides of the Atlantic, which help to explain disparities in banks’ income sources, financial performance and capitalisation.
Some statistical highlights from the Banking Structures Report (consolidated banking data, excluding very small entities):
High-frequency trading
“We find overall that HFTs facilitate price efficiency by trading in the direction of permanent price changes and in the opposite direction of transitory pricing errors, both on average and on the highest volatility days", the report's authors write.
They warn: “Introducing measures to curb their activities without corresponding measures that support price discovery and market efficiency improving activities could result in less efficient markets.”
However, the study notes that the rise of high-frequency trading has overturned traditional market structures in which tighter controlled intermediaries were required to help ensure sufficient liquidity in markets. High-frequency traders have neither special market privileges nor special obligations.
The result is a market that better resembles a “highly competitive environment”. But the report adds: “A central question is whether there were possible benefits from the old more highly regulated intermediation sector . . . that outweigh lower innovation and monopolistic pricing typically associated with regulation.”
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Leverage ratios
Banks in Belgium, Cyprus and Germany are among the most leveraged in the euro area and probably need to increase their equity as a share of assets, the ECB said. Banks in Cyprus were most leveraged on average, with equity amounting to 3 per cent of assets at the end of 2012, while lenders in Estonia were least leveraged with a ratio of 13.3 per cent. That dispersion suggests some banks “need to make further progress", according to the ECB.
The median equity-to-assets ratio at euro area banks rose to 7.1 per cent in 2012 from 6.7 per cent a year earlier, according to the statement. The lenders increased their total equity by 6 per cent in the period while reducing assets 1.4 per cent, the ECB said, without identifying individual companies.
Banks have focused on eliminating risk-weighted assets that command the highest capital requirements, according to the document. German and French banks accounted for 85 per cent of the reduction in risk-weighted assets related to “market risk", indicating that investment banks are responding to regulatory changes and working to reduce leverage, the ECB said.