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Among others the European Securities Forum (ESF) views the most relevant factors to risks and weaknesses in terms of clearing and settlement of domestic and cross-border transactions in the existence of different jurisdictions and the involvement of several actors such as local agents, global custodians, foreign CSDs or ICSDs in the process of cross-border clearing and settlement. Both increase number and magnitude of relevant risks. Harmonisation of rules and consolidation of service providers would help to reduce these risks.
Paper on the joint CESR/ECB Consultation on Clearing and Settlement