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"The combination of large stocks of public debt and a declining trend in potential growth or competitiveness is a source of concerns in a number of countries," the Commission said in its annual growth survey, presented on Thursday.
The economic situation in the three countries "increases the likelihood of unstable debt-to-GDP trajectories and the vulnerability to adverse shocks," the so-called Alert Mechanism Report (AMR) said.
Italy's public debt is expected to grow this year to 133% of the Gross Domestic Product, making it the largest in the European Union after Greece, Commission forecasts showed. It is to ease in 2016 and 2017.
France's public debt is to continue to grow, reaching 97.4% of GDP in 2017, the Commission said. Belgium's debt is seen peaking at 107.1% in 2016, before declining.
Under EU fiscal rules, EU countries must keep public debt below 60% of GDP or reduce it every year by 1/20 of the excess over 60% until they reach that target.
"Structural reforms aimed at unlocking growth potential must continue or be stepped up, in particular in countries of systemic relevance like Italy and France," the Commission said.
"Such reforms would help not only to remove growth bottlenecks, but they would also contribute to support confidence on the sustainability of fiscal imbalances in these countries," it said.
French and Belgian potential growth is around or just above 1%, roughly in line with the eurozone average.
But Italy's potential growth, the rate at which an economy can expand without increasing the inflation rate, is negative and may only become zero next year. [...]