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Europe’s support for Clinton
[...] Naturally, Europe’s leaders see fundamental differences between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. Europeans historically favour Democrats, and this election is no exception. Indeed, despite his occasional missteps and occasional reticence to be more engaged in European affairs, a Pew survey reports that President Obama continues to enjoy a very high degree of popularity in Europe.
And that popularity is reflected in views toward US policy. As the authors note, “Across the 10 EU nations polled, a median of 77% have confidence in Obama to do the right thing in world affairs, including more than eight-in-ten in Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany and France.” A comparable degree of confidence largely, although not quite as extensively, extends to Hillary Clinton. Seventy-seven percent of respondents expressed confidence in Obama this summer (he has always scored above 70% on this measure) while 59% said the same about Clinton.
This is not particularly surprising. First, by all measures, Clinton was highly regarded as Obama’s Secretary of State, both at home and abroad. Working through the process of multilateral consensus building, she deferred to Obama when necessary and listened to the views of Europe’s leaders on key issues (such as the invasion of Libya). She attempted to implement a strategy built on her avowed principle of ‘smart power’: utilising both ‘hard’ (military) and ‘soft’ (diplomatic) tools in various combinations, according to the circumstances.
Second, Clinton has pinned her electoral campaign on the theme of continuity – extending Obama’s policies and consolidating his legacy. And that is a politically savvy position, with Gallup reporting that Obama’s domestic approval percentage ratings are presently standing healthily in the mid-50s as the election approaches.
Donald Trump represents a striking, potentially frightening, contrast for Europe’s leaders. He has explicitly discussed rapprochement with Russia, a renegotiation of NATO’s budget, and encouraged the possibility of nuclear proliferation. His general propensity to regard foreign policy as transactional, rather than built on a foundation of trust and institutional relationships, creates the spectre of a Europe cast asunder from an American commitment that has been resolute, indeed iron-clad, since 1945. Not surprisingly, that same Pew poll of Europeans revealed that 85% of those surveyed expressed a lack of confidence in Trump as President.
It therefore isn’t surprising that many European leaders yearn for Clinton’s election. Jens Stoltenberg, NATO’s Secretary General, has been less than subtle in repeatedly expressing his gratitude for Obama’s “strong US leadership’, and only last week he reiterated the unwavering commitment between the US and Europe enshrined in NATO’s Article 5 concerning mutual defense. The EU’s response has notably contrasted with NATO’s position. Alarmed by both the outcome of the Brexit vote and a possible US military disengagement from Europe, Frederica Mogherini has again floated the idea of an EU army that would act as an autonomous force from NATO. [...]
Trump and Clinton’s policies on Europe
[...] there are three key areas where we are likely to see marked differences between the candidates.
First, Trump has expressed a desire for a more collaborative relationship with Russia. This is where the contrast with Clinton may be at its starkest. The Obama administration’s initial efforts to reset America’s relationship with Russia was rebuffed. And Clinton, as Secretary of State, found life negotiating with Putin and his staff to be as frustrating as her successor John Kerry. Scarred by that experience, she has been resolute in expressing a willingness to support NATO in resurrecting a (symbolic, if not necessary operationally effective) defense in Eastern Europe. That mutual hostility between Clinton and Putin has found a conduit through the Ecuadorian embassy in London where ‘transparency’ has been sacrificed in favour of partisan expediency.
Second, Clinton may have expressed a healthy scepticism about free trade in attempting to embrace Bernie Sanders’ supporters. But her track record demonstrates that she is a proponent of its virtues. The signing of Europe’s CETA free trade deal with Canada has set a precedent for the resurrection of the TTIP agreement between Europe and the United States. No doubt the negotiations would be arduous and even quarrelsome given both America’s and Europe’s effectively federal systems. But there would be renewed ambition if CETA was used as a model. Trump, in contrast, has courted a constituency of voters that are so unquestionably hostile to free trade that they make Belgium’s Walloons look like avowed liberals.
Finally, and partially dependent on the outcome of the first two factors, the European Union will itself continue its own course of retrenchment. Despite the EU’s June publication of its Global Strategy report, it has steadily embarked on being less of a global player in the course of the last three years. Pressured by Russian belligerence and unprecedented migration flows, the EU has slowly but perceptibly abandoned its ‘out-of-area’ commitments in favour of guarding its borders on land and at sea. An engaged Clinton presidency might slow that process. A Trump one will surely hasten it.