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The Bank of England’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) conducts a regular assessment of supply-side conditions. It assesses how quickly the supply capacity of the UK economy can grow, which puts a ‘speed limit’ on the pace of sustainable demand growth.
Supply capacity is mainly determined by structural factors, such as technological progress, the size and skills of the labour force, the quantity and quality of capital, and the degree of openness of the economy.
Potential supply growth has been subdued since the financial crisis, driven by weaker productivity growth, which has averaged around 0.5% per year since the crisis, compared with around 2.25% beforehand.
Some of the recent weakness in productivity growth is likely to reflect a continuation of persistently weak productivity growth since the crisis. Some is also likely to reflect Brexit-related factors, such as heightened uncertainty and contingency planning.
Heightened Brexit-related uncertainty is likely to have weighed on underlying productivity growth. Business investment has slowed as firms have been incentivised to delay spending until they have more clarity around the future trading relationship between the UK and the EU. That has caused capital per worker to grow more slowly, lowering labour productivity growth.
Bank of Engaland’s Decision Maker Panel (DMP) survey also suggests that companies are spending money and senior management time on Brexit planning. That could have diverted resources away from other activities.
Planning for Brexit has been correlated with weaker productivity growth across sectors. Since the EU referendum, productivity growth in the manufacturing and finance sectors has remained weak, and these sectors have also spent the most time on Brexit planning.