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Authorities around the world are grappling with the rise of digital currencies and decentralised finance based on distributed ledger technology (DLT). The announcement of Libra and similar ‘stablecoin’ projects, such as Tether, USD Coin, and TrueUSD, puts a broader set of regulatory issues on the agenda, including regulations on the quality of asset backing (Fatás and Weder Di Mauro 2019, Cecchetti and Schoenholtz 2019, G7 Working Group on Stablecoins 2019, FSB 2020). The overarching consideration is that, when faced with innovations, how best to apply technology-neutral regulation so that similar economic and financial risks are treated on par.
Yet, the fact that regulation must be technology-neutral does not preclude public authorities from embracing innovation in supervision. Where ‘regulation’ is the process of setting the rules that apply to the regulated entities, ‘supervision’ is the compliance monitoring and enforcement of these rules, which has to be dynamic and adaptable.
Supervision might well evolve with technology. In recent work (Auer 2019b), I put forward the concept of ‘embedded supervision’. Embedded supervision is a framework that provides automatic monitoing by reading the ledger of a DLT-based market (see Figure 1). The ledger of a DLT-based market contains much information which is relevant for supervisory purposes. As such, it can be used to improve the quality of data available to the supervisor, while reducing the need for firms to actively collect, verify and report data to authorities.
Notes: Embedded supervision can verify compliance with regulations by reading the distributed ledgers in both wholesale (the green blockchain) and retail banking markets (the yellow blockchain). Supervisors could access all transaction-level data. Alternatively, the use of smart contracts, Merkle trees, homomorphic encryption and other cryptographic tools might give supervisors verifiable access to selected parts of such micro data, or relevant consolidated positions such as to institution-to-institution or sectoral exposures. Firms would only need to define the relevant access rights, obviating the need for them to collect, compile and report data.
Source: Auer (2019b).
Allowing for embedded supervision could be important in the development of so-called asset ‘tokenisation’ – the process by which claims on or ownership in real and financial assets are digitally represented by tokens, allowing for new forms of trading and improved settlements (Bech et al. 2020).1
In particular, one key early use case of embedded supervision may be the monitoring of full asset-backing of a blockchain-based stablecoin.2 To exemplify both the merits and limits of embedded supervision applied to stablecoins, consider the revised Libra proposal (Libra 2.0, see Libra Association 2020).3