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On 25 October, Giorgia Meloni gave her programmatic speech to the Chamber of Deputies, the ‘lower house’ of the Italian parliament. Such speeches are important, as they are the vehicles through which newly appointed governments set out their legislative programmes. They are also the bases on which such governments ask the two branches of the legislature for confirmatory votes of confidence – votes they are obliged to obtain as a condition of holding office once they have been appointed by the President of the Republic.
Such speeches are also a source of clues as to the prospects of the new government and the ambitions and outlooks of the persons making them. This is especially pertinent in the case of Meloni given that her party’s deepest ideological and organisational roots go back to the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI), formed in 1946 by survivors from Benito Mussolini’s Repubblica di Salò. Because of this, in the immediate aftermath of the election, commentators were busy trying to work out whether Meloni was a wolf in sheep’s clothing or a sheep in wolf’s clothing. So, what did the speech tell us?
An uncompromising statement
Giorgia Meloni honoured tradition by confining herself mainly to statements of aspiration, such as guaranteeing to all Italians ‘a future of greater freedom, justice, well-being and security’. Politicians prefer such statements to those implying definite commitments as they create fewer hostages to fortune and, by appealing to universally held beliefs and values, are difficult for opponents to question. In the absence of much that is concrete in them, drawing conclusions about the political significance of such speeches requires a willingness to interpret and to read between the lines.
From this point of view, it was difficult to disagree with those for whom the speech was an uncompromising statement of the values of the right. Fewer than half of Italian citizens voted for the parties staffing her government. Nevertheless, she began by referring to ‘the clear indication expressed by the Italian people on 25 September’, going on to claim that her government is ‘wholly representative of the will of the people’ – thereby signalling that rather than attempting to be inclusive and governing through the search for workable compromises, she will lead a government that will brook no opposition.
Her government will not, she said, shrink from taking decisions, where necessary, that are unpopular. The only reference to ‘diversity’ came, not in connection with the idea of cultural diversity or pluralism, but in reference to the right’s frequently made juxtaposition between ‘European integration’ and ‘nations with ancient histories’ ‘each with its own identity’. The theme of protectionism, if not autarchy was present in references to ‘predatory ambitions threatening to undermine strategic national industries’; to ‘technological sovereignty’; to the need ‘to ensure that we are not dependent on far-away countries to provide food for our children’.
There were no references to the role of international cooperation in the resolution of problems. Although there were references to fascism and its anti-Semitic laws as ‘the most dishonourable episodes in Italian history’, these were by implication diluted by her later condemnation of ‘the years of political violence’ when ‘in the name of anti-fascism’ ‘innocent youths were clubbed to death with spanners’.
Policy commitments
Meloni did make reference to at least four more or less specific commitments of note. One was the commitment to a constitutional reform that would give Italy a presidential form of government, to be introduced by the search for cross-party consensus if possible but which the government will not back down on in the face of any opposition of principle. The second was deregulation; the third was a tax amnesty; the fourth, abolition of the anti-poverty ‘citizenship income’, significantly framed as a subsidy to people who failed ‘to do their bit for Italy’. In addition, there was a commitment to additional measures to stop the arrival of refugees from North Africa, referred to as ‘illegal immigration’ and framed, as ever, as a security issue.
All of this suggests that Meloni has a clear vision of the Italy she wants to create: an Italy that is economically neo-liberal, socially conservative, and politically rather authoritarian. Yet there was little in her vision that was new. Even what was arguably the most radical aspect of her programme, namely the proposal for constitutional reform, reflected assumptions from the past. These were long-standing assumptions among Italy’s political elites that the country suffers from a governability problem whose resolution requires the adoption of plebiscitarian principles whereby elections function as mechanisms for the direct investiture of leaders who thereby acquire the authority to issue orders....
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